Many people do not know why and how other people depend on substances. They may mistakenly think that those who use substance lack ethics and will, and they can easily cut off substance use by their choice. Substance-dependence is a complex disease whose process of withdrawal usually requires more than intention and will, and like any other disease, it needs care and treatment. Similar to any o...

methodology non-native participants in this study were sixty ba students majoring in english literature and teaching english as a foreign language at khayyam university of mashhad. they were senior students, between 21 to 24 years old, who had studied english for at least three and a half years and had passed several courses including grammar, reading, conversation, and writing. this was assum...

The present investingation was designed to explore the extent to which the elements of the Health Belief Model (HBM)predict substance use among male drug addicts in Iran. A self – report research instrument (questionnaire)was developed and administered to obtain data. One hundred and twenty four subjects voluntarily participated in the survey . The contributers had already attended places lik...

The aim of the article is to review family risk factors for addiction in offsprings of parents who use substance or alcohol. Genetic factors increase the risk of addiction in offsprings of addicted parents. Also, there are specific factors in these families: availability to substance, positive attitude to drugs, role modeling of such parents. Other unspecific family risk factors, also, incre...