Groups often ask their members to contribute to collective activities. But the benefits of these activities often do not offset the costs of individual participation. Everyone in the group may be better off if everyone cooperates, but each person individually may be better off not cooperating. As a result, we might expect cooperation to fail. Yet modern human society relies on cooperation at a ...

according to the logic of 'weak ties' partnership organized through links with a wider range of people causes of social capital among a group of citizens will increase. so it seems, increasing participation among people, ultimately leading to increased cooperative activities among them. while the impact of social networks on political relations, much attention has been. there is very ...

In this paper, I empirically test the notion that the degree of inclusion/exclusion of social welfare policies can have important feedback effects on political participation of poor citizens. I conduct a comparative analysis of the 50 US states, using the uptake (or coverage rate) of the Food Stamp program as an indicator of relative inclusiveness. If the inclusiveness of the program “sends a m...

In this study, more than 398 high-school students through cluster stratified sampling method were chosen in Hamedan. The data were gathered by a questionnaire and statistical indexes like T.Test, variance analysis, Pearson correlation, multivariable regressions, factor analysis and path analysis were applied. The results show that the average of political participation is 14.83 out of 27.85 and...

Increasing European co-operation must take place in many areas, including medical ethics. Against the background of common cultural norms and pluralistic variation within political traditions, religion and lifestyles, Europe will have to converge towards unity within the field of medical ethics. This article examines how such convergence might develop with respect to four major areas: European ...