We study the price competition of two supply chains with demand uncertainty. Each supply chain consists of one risk-averse manufacturer and one risk-averse retailer. We consider two cases: two competing decentralized supply chains and two competing integrated supply chains. We analyze the effects of the demand uncertainty on the supply chains’ expected profits. In the first case, we find that t...

We develop a price competition model for a new supply chain that competes in a market comprised of some rival supply chains. The new supply chain has one risk-neutral manufacturer and one risk-averse retailer in which the manufacturer is a leader and retailer is a follower. The manufacturer pays a fraction of the risk cost (caused by demand uncertainty) to the retailer. We apply this competitiv...

An efficient and accurate demand forecast becomes imperative for enhancement of commericial competitive advantage at al the stages of supply chain , escpically in the absence of collaborative supply chain management.Procurement decisions in the upstream supply chain to buy right quantity at right time for effective inventory management decisions depend on the accurate prediction of demand The o...

Abstract This paper considers a supply chain with the first order autoregressive and the first order moving average (ARMA (1,1)) demand. The lead time demand is estimated using the minimum mean-square error (MMSE) forecasting technique. The expression of the bullwhip effect for a two stage supply chain consisting of one supplier and one retailer is derived, and the existence condition of the bu...

The paper proposes both statistical and simulation-based analysis and evaluation of the bullwhip effect in supply chains. The demand distortion, called the bullwhip effect, is considered as an important characteristic of supply chain operation stability. A mathematical justification of the stochastic demand as a cause of the bullwhip effect is discussed. Results of simulation studies to analyse...

This paper develops an economic production quantity model in a three-echelon supply chain composing of a supplier, a manufacturer and a wholesaler under two scenarios. As the first scenario, we consider a return contract between the outside supplier and the supplier and also between the manufacturer and the wholesaler, but in the second one, the return policy between the manufacturer and the wh...

This paper presents a dual-objective facility programming model for a green supply chain network. The main objectives of the presented model are minimizing overall expenditure and negative environmental impacts of the supply chain. This study contributes to the existing literature by incorporating uncertainty in customer demand, suppliers, production, and casting capacity. An industrial case st...