We propose a definition of causality for time series in terms of the effect of an intervention in one component of a multivariate time series on another component at some later point in time. Conditions for identifiability, comparable to the back–door and front–door criteria, are presented and can also be verified graphically. Computation of the causal effect is derived and illustrated for the ...

Parcel delivery is a complex logistic service, as it serves many small or medium-sized customers who may send or receive parcels. Modeling such delivery system needs to integrate two different research areas of hub location and vehicle routing. As it totally depends on the network and the linkage of the nodes, in this paper, some door-to-door service providers are taken into account to provide ...

   18F-FDG is the most commonly used radioisotope in PET scanning and is administered intravenously. When patients cannot cannulated, there are limited options available for functional tumour assessment. A fifty year old male presented for investigation of a suspected lung carcinoma identified during investigation of pneumonia. The patient had a severe needle phobia, intellectual dis...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE MRI screening for thrombolytic therapy may improve patient selection. Alternatively, it may excessively delay treatment and thereby lead to worse outcomes. We hypothesized that times to treatment and outcomes in a stroke center with immediate MRI access and interpretation would not differ from those of the typical clinical practice. METHODS We compared the results of 12...

INTRODUCTION AND AIM Implementing integrated systems for emergency care of patients with acute ischemic stroke helps reduce morbidity and mortality. We describe the process of organizing and implementing a regional system to cover around 3.7 million people and its main initial results. METHODS We performed a descriptive analysis of the implementation process and a retrospective analysis of th...