testing plays a vital role in any language teaching program. it allows teachers and stakeholders, including program administrators, parents, admissions officers and prospective employers to be assured that the learners are progressing according to an accepted standard (douglas, 2010). the problems currently facing language testers have both practical and theoretical implications but the first i...

introduction acetic acid bacteria are large group of obligate aerobic gram negative bacteria with the ability to oxidize ethanol to acetic acid (1). they are widely distributed in natural habitats and classified in family acetobacteraceae. members of this family are useful in industrial production of vinegar(2). acetic acid bacteria (aab) can use substrates as glucose, ethanol, lactate or glyc...

abstract: about 60% of total premium of insurance industry is pertained?to life policies in the world; while the life insurance total premium in iran is less than 6% of total premium in insurance industry in 2008 (sigma, no 3/2009). among the reasons that discourage the life insurance industry is the problem of adverse selection. adverse selection theory describes a situation where the inf...

learning a second or foreign language requires the manipulation of four main skills, namely, listening, reading, speaking, and writing which lead to effective communication. it is obvious that vocabulary is an indispensible part of any communication, so without a vocabulary, no meaningful communication can take place and meaningful communication relies heavily on vocabulary. one fundamental fac...

تحقیقات اخیر روی روشهای عددی‏، بر ایده استفاده از روشهای بدون شبکه‎{meshfree methods}‎ برای حل عددی معادلات دیفرانسیل با مشتقات جزئی تاکید‏ می کند. یکی از ویژگی های رایج همه روشهای بدون شبکه، توانایی آنها در ساخت تقریب تابع، تنها با استفاده از اطلاعاتی در یک مجموعه از داده های پراکنده می باشد. تعدادی از روشهای بدون شبکه عبارتند از: روش هیدرودینامیکهای ذره ی هموار‎{smooth particle hydrodynamics ...