However, a solvent borrower may still be unwilling to repay if the benefit of defaulting is greater than the perceived cost of sanctions associated with default. The trouble for a lender is that the perceived cost of these sanctions does not just depend on the lender=s willingness to inflict them, but on the whole set of institutional arrangements that affect the credit market. This includes th...

Financing decisions is one of the important areas in financial management to increase shareholder’s wealth. To determine how managers achieve this object, it can say performance measurement of company. In this paper we have studied the issue of whether the capital-structure decision impacts firms’ performance. For this reason, we used 3 definition of capital structure in scope of book value to ...

to achieve the optimal model for capital asset pricing has always been a central issue in studies of the financial field. in this study we consider fama and french three-factor model augmented by the pastor and stambaugh (2003) liquidity risk factor. unlike most previous studies in this model, stock level beta is allowed to vary with firm-level size and book-to-market value. to verify the above...

The present research carried out to study the relationship of market orientation and innovation and their effect on entrepreneurship and value creation for customers. To do so, as the sample was unlimited, 241 active companies in agriculture and food industry were selected as the samples by random sampling method. Via standard questionnaire, we gathered data on managers and senior experts' opin...

This study examines how gamification mechanics could be used in online retailers' loyalty programs. In other words, this article attempts to create a conceptual model for the relationship between gamification mechanics and customer loyalty elements. We used a field study to conduct our research. In order to validate the survey, 450 customers from one of the greatest online stores in Iran were q...