governmental contracts have an important place in the financial and economic system.because the transfer of funds generally is done by contracts. in other hand because of governmental economic system in our country and concentration of capital in this section, the governmental contracts has greater importance.therefore the special monitoring on various stages of contract from foundation to impl...

extended abstract 1. introduction the term “state” owing to its simultaneous presence in two epistemological and scientific fields named political science and political geography has assumed multiple meanings, applications, natures and synonyms, in a way that it has stirred a kind of chaos and lack of consensus, especially among political geographers. according to various texts, “state” is an a...

It is a piece of idle senthentality that truth, merely as truth, has any inherent power denied to error, or prevailing against the dungeon and the stake. Men are not more zealous for truth than they often are for error, and a sufficient application oflegal or even of social penalties will generally succeed in stopping the propagation of either. The real advantage which truth has, consists in th...

This paper develops a theory of the interaction between appropriative conflict and economic growth. Appropriative conflict, as measured by the diversion of resources, is viewed as the cost of securing effective property rights. We identify conditions under which conflict rises or falls as the rate of economic growth improves. The main implication of the analysis is that if the quality of proper...

since the evolution of public administration as an academic and scientific discipline, different competitive approaches have come forward in this area. public administration as a profession, a scientific field and a political process; or, public administration as an area totally distinguished from business management; and legal, political and administrative approaches towards public administrat...

the ruler-oriented attitude in the historiographical reports of the ottoman period has caused the government to be portrayed as an impressive institution and the school, like most other institutions of the society, as impressionable in the portray presented of the relation between the ottoman government and the school institution. similarly, in the researches made, this same formal attitude of ...

Modern banks have shifted their function as purely administrative, economic and industrial entities into socio-political institutions that must be sensitive to the surrounding environment. This function has always been neglected. This study was conducted based on primary, secondary, and tertiary data and reviews the full text of 75 studies selected from more than 245 studies. The selected elect...

large cities and metropolitan areas in developing countries are growing rapidly. these areas grew by attracting all facilities, services and capital of the country. tehran has been the major city and center for decision and policy making in various administrative, political, economic and socialaspects. this political focus has brought economic, social, educational focus that attracted a vast ma...

Large cities and metropolitan areas in developing countries are growing rapidly. These areas grew by attracting all facilities, services and capital of the country. Tehran has been the major city and center for decision and policy making in various administrative, political, economic and socialaspects. This political focus has brought economic, social, educational focus that attracted a vast ma...