duns scouts the famous theologian of thirteen century under the influence of avecina’s doctorine of “nature” on the basis of hierarchy of the unity presents a hypothesis and describes the unconditioned nature as minor unity and individual entities as numerical unity. as an celeberating hypothesis of“distinct forms” it accounts with the haeccity as the criterion of individuality of external enti...

cases where bayt al-mal is responsible for payment of compensation are sometimes accompanied by intensification of compensation. the question is that whether bayt al-mal should pay the intensified compensation in such cases. this question has not been answered in juristic and, legal texts. in addition to causing difference in opinions, it has caused courts to doubt generalization of the intensi...

muslim scholars differ widely on the meaning of the pure word ‘lā illāha illa allāh’ (there is no god expect for god) and its indication to monotheism. a number of possibilities have been raised pertaining to this exalted verse and if some of them are accepted as true, the word tawhīd will not signify complete unity and monotheism. after thoroughly examining the meanings claimed for the words e...

UNITY is a simple programming logic to reason about distributed systems. It is especially attractive because of its elegant axiomatical style. Since its power is limited, people introduce variants to extends it with various new functionalities. However, in the axiomatical style it is easy to make a mistake: a seemingly very logical new inference rule may turn out to be unsound. Formal verificat...

there is a variety of schools in hinduism ,vedanta is the most important one , shankara is the most leading of its commentator , his perspective is known as advaita – vedanta ( non – dualism) . this paper attempts to analyse shankara’s doctrine of non-dualism . through – explanation of the key – concepts : brahma , atma , ishvara , maya and budhi , besides comparation had been made between the ...

identifying the chain of transmitters mentioned in the sanads for the verification of the sanad is necessary for employment of ḥadīth. one of the problems observed in the chains of transmission is the repetition of the names applicable to two or more transmitters. on the other hands, some transmitters have been referred to by various names and titles in chains of transmission; various titles th...