a new way of thinking is influencing the behaviour of both consumers and firms: any tourism activity has a sizeable environmental impact and the roots of environmental problems in this industry lie inhuman behaviour. accordingly, in recent years tourists have been taking into account the environment as afactor in their purchasing decisions and firms are using this factor in their competitive po...

introduction the city population, in particular at the industrialized cities and centers of provinces, has increased dramatically in iran during recent decades. arak city as center of markazi province is among those industrialized cities which has experienced a fast increase in population. these changes in population numbers tend to increase consuming water resources as well as increasing in en...

     In recent years, large rangeland areas have been destroyed for various reasons, so that its negative impacts on local people's income and sustainable livelihood are become significant. Due to the fact that signs of negative or downward trends in the rangelands condition are being revealed prior to the complete degradation, a study was done to identify these sings and evaluate their importa...

rangelands renewable resources play a very important role in ecosystem regulating, preserving plant genetic reservoirs, water cycle as well as providing large parts of forage requirements. these resources were considered to be a basis for sustainable development and also a basic platform for various economic activities. during the recent years in iran, these valuable sources were subjected to s...

environmental impact assessment (ela) today is a planning tool that is used for the prediction of environmental impacts. there are several methods to assess environmental impacts in the world and iran as well. among them system analysis approach using degradation model (makhdoum, 1996) has shown it's effectiveness. degradation model is used at different levels including the basin , catchme...

Biodegradation of phenol is a major focus of toxic organic compound degradation by microorganisms isolated from polluted areas. An increasing number of bacteria and fungi possessing unique biodegradation capabilities have been isolated in recent years. In this study a new isolate, Rhodococcus erythropolis SKO-1, from polluted soils in the Tehran oil refinery region, is reported. Identificati...

environmental degradation all over the world is one of the three major concerns of the human being. depletion of fresh water sources on earth, ozone layer depletion, soil degradation, intensive farming, climate change and temperature increase, biodiversity loss, population increase, poverty, pollution, extinction of rare species, biological extinction and endangered species are the main environ...