one of the most visible aspects of a forest stand structure is the spatial patterns of trees. competition affects on forest structure and its understanding is important, when the purpose of forest management is to imitate the dynamic of natural ecosystems. for this purpose, an unmanaged intact forest was selected with 26 hectares area. all chestnut leaf oak (quercus castaneifolia) trees with a ...

To test for “randomness” in spatial point patterns, we propose two test statistics that are obtained by “reducing” two-dimensional point patterns to the one-dimensional one. Also the exact and asymptotic distribution of these statistics are drawn.

the complexity of urban systems in our recent world, make it difficult to evaluation and explanation of their changes with traditional and customarily methods. in the past, remote sensing has shown an ability to detect and describe urban growth patterns at different spatial scales. with new remote sensing devices (e.g. ikonos), with innovative image processing techniques and with further develo...

The misspecification of gravity spatial interaction models has recently been described by the author. The bias in parameter estimates that results from such misspecification appears to produce the 'map pattern effect' or 'spatial structure bias' in estimated distance-decay parameters. A further aspect of the misspecification bias in gravity parameter estimates is explored here. The severity of ...