background:   facing an unfamiliar environment is always one of the biggest concerns for medical students who are going to have clinical educations in medical fields. recently early clinical exposure (ece) for medical students has been proposed as an effective factor in reducing stress and motivating toward the rest of their education as a clinical student. this study aimed at evaluation of ece...

In developing countries, it has been observed that drinking-water frequently becomes recontaminated following its collection and during storage in the home. This paper proposes a semi-quantified ‘disease risk index’ (DRI) designed to identify communities or households that are ‘most at risk’ from consuming recontaminated drinking-water. A brief review of appropriate physical and educational int...

Bladder cancer (BCa) is a main health issue in both developed and developing countries, especially for men with an incidence that is three to five times greater than that of women. The majority of bladder cancer occurs in males and there is a 14-fold variation in the incidence internationally. About 1,596,670 new cancer cases were diagnosed in 2011. This estimate did not include carcinoma in si...

This paper briefly introduces Freire’s philosophy of education, as well as examples of how this philosophy can be used in health education. Concepts from Freire’s work are highlighted along with how they are applicable to educating adults about colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, a health behavior that is less prevalent among poor and minority populations. Concepts highlighted in Freire’s writin...