Background National licensing examinations (NLEs) are large-scale examinations usually taken by medical doctors close to the point of graduation from medical school. Where NLEs are used, success is usually required to obtain a license for full practice. Approaches to national licensing, and the evidence that supports their use, varies significantly across the globe. This paper aims to develop a...

development of water resources projects are recognized as a basis of the development planning in the water resources sector. in addition to the quality of output results, following the schedule , continuous documentation and evaluation during the project is the one of the major challenges. in order to improve water study framework with high quality and scheduling and reduce the study process, t...

Background Prior experience and the persisting threat of influenza pandemic indicate the need for global and local preparedness and public health response capacity. The pandemic of 2009 highlighted the importance of such planning and the value of prior efforts at all levels. Our review of the public health response to this pandemic in Pune, India, considers the challenges of integrating global ...

BACKGROUND Overweight and obesity lead to higher probability of individuals accessing primary care but adiposity estimates are rarely available at regional levels to inform health service planning. This paper analyses a large, community-derived clinical database of objectively measured body mass index (BMI) to explore relationships with area-level socioeconomic disadvantage for informing region...

D. M. Levinson, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Calif. 94720. Y. Huang, Transportation Planning Division, Maryland National Capital Park and Planning Commission, 8787 Georgia Avenue, Silver Spring, Md. 20910. A transportation planning model that integrates regional and local-area forecasting approaches is developed and applied. Although regio...

BACKGROUND In order to better understand factors that influence decisions for public health, we undertook a qualitative study to explore issues relating to the time horizons used in decision-making. METHODS Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews. 33 individuals involved in the decision making process around coronary heart disease were purposively sampled from the UK National Healt...

Introduction The government is the first and most powerful decision-maker and actor in the field of spatial structure. Spatial structure is an essential part of the battle for control and protection of individuals and society. In fact, spatial planning and land use management is the manifestation of the government authority in the form of setting rules and allocating resources and decision-mak...