In recent years, it has become evident that it is necessary to systematically and accurately define particle characteristics in order to understand the potential toxicity of nanoparticles to biological systems. The properties that need to be emphasized are size, shape, dispersion, doping, aggregation, functionalization, physical and chemical properties, surface area, and surface chemistry. Rout...

We would like to invite you to participate in the Analytical Challenge, a series of puzzles to entertain and challenge our readers. This special feature of BAnalytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry^ has established itself as a truly unique quiz series, with a new scientific puzzle published every other month. Readers can access the complete collection of published problems with their solutions on...

Data Warehouses and on-line analytical processing (OLAP) systems are a promising area for the application of Abstract State Machines (ASMs). In this paper a ground model specification for data warehouses is sketched that is based on the fundamental idea of separating input from operational databases and output to OLAP systems. On this basis we start defining formal refinement rules for such sys...

regional differences and inequality in many countries is a major challenge in the way of achieving balanced development goals, particularly those countries such as iran which sovereign a large geographical territory. due to past poor national and focused planning, development and its basis in geographical regions of the country, has revealed significant differences in the development process. a...

considering long term impacts of mehr housing plan on appearance and performances of cities, it is necessary that their construction will be done on the basis of geographical elements and criteria of urban planning in order to have positive impacts on urban quality and performance and reduce the ecological, social, and economical costs. therefore, this research analyzes and evaluates appropriat...