it is definitely necessary to understand the concept and behavior of causation of life insurance policies and its determinants for insurance managers, regulators, and customers. for insurance managers, the profitability and liquidity of insurers can be increasingly influenced by the number of causation through costs, adverse selection, and cash surrender values. therefore, causation is a materi...

abstract this paper discusses several commonly used models for strategic marketing¹ including market environmental analysis methods (i.e. swot and pest analysis) and strategic marketing tools and techniques (i.e. boston matrix and shell directional policy matrix)and shows how these models may help a firm to achieve its strategic goals. at first, the main reason for doing this research is de...

In this paper, we first define longitudinal-dynamic heteroscedastic hierarchical  normal  models. These models can be used to fit longitudinal data in which the dependency structure is constructed through a dynamic model rather than observations. We discuss different methods for estimating the hyper-parameters. Then the corresponding estimates for the hyper-parameter that causes the association...