In a cross-sectional study, we investigated the development of fluent reading and spelling in the first three years of learning Arabic. The goals of our study were to: 1) validate suitable measures for fluent reading and spelling in the first three years of learning Arabic; 2) trace the developmental course of the relationship between fluent reading and spelling in the first three years of lear...

objective: the aim of the current research was to investigate the effectiveness of precision teaching on reading ability of students with learning disability. method: the research method was semi- experimental with pretest – posttest design. statistical population consisted of all the 3 rd grade elementary girl students with learning disability in city of isfahan during 1389-1390 academic years...

The Dutch spelling system, like other European spelling systems, represents a certain balance between preserving the spelling of morphemes (the morphological principle) and obeying letter-to-sound regularities (the phonological principle). We present experimental results with artificial learners that show a competition effect between the two principles: adhering more to one principle leads to m...

Our spelling training software recodes words into multisensory representations comprising visual and auditory codes. These codes represent information about letters and syllables of a word. An enhanced version, developed for this study, contains an additional phonological code and an improved word selection controller relying on a phoneme-based student model. We investigated the spelling behavi...

Communication between student and learning source represents the main media for the teaching / learning process. For Deaf and Dumb (D&D) such communication could be processed via speech visualization media. All the oral/audio instructional material could be translated into the corresponding material via visual mode. Three main modes of communication for the D&D are commonly used. They are alpha...

that any educated person can spell, yet literate adults commonly characterize themselves as poor spellers and make spelling mistakes. Many children have trouble spelling, but we do not know how many, or in relation to what standard, because state accountability assessments seldom include a direct measure of spelling competence. Few state standards specify what, exactly, a student at each grade ...

Comprehensive models of learning disorders have to consider both isolated learning disorders that affect one learning domain only, as well as comorbidity between learning disorders. However, empirical evidence on comorbidity rates including all three learning disorders as defined by DSM-5 (deficits in reading, writing, and mathematics) is scarce. The current study assessed prevalence rates and ...

Objectives: In this research study, the effect of training phonological awareness skills on the improvement of auditory memory in students with spelling problems in third grade at primary schools in Sari City, Iran, was investigated.  Methods: The research method used in the study was quasi-experimental with pre-tests, post-tests, and a control group. The statistical population consisted ...