the different model specifications have been proposed to estimate time-varying technical efficiency in the last two decades. these models have resulted different efficiency scores based on their built-in specifications. this study investigates the temporal pattern of technical efficiency based on cornwell, sickles, and schmidt (css, 1990) as well as lee and schmidt (ls, 1993) models. in order t...

For the specification of real-time system behaviour, the definition of temporal constraints amongst events and actions is needed [1], [2], [3]: properties of invariance, precedence amongst events, periodicity, liveness and safety conditions, etc. To this end, several different temporal logics with different degrees of expressiveness have been proposed. Some of them are based on propositional lo...

Resilient modulus and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) in unbound granular materials are the key technical characteristics of layers in a flexible pavement design. Among the factors affecting these two parameters, the aggregate gradation is the most important. Using particle size distribution curve developed by AASHTO, together with other considerations mentioned in the related regulations have y...

To cope with current inconsistencies and incompleteness of technical documents, we propose a combined, model-based structured graphical and textual meta-standard approach for specification, verification and validation of complex systems in general and ISO enterprise standards in particular. This methodology, developed under the auspices of the ISO TC 184/SC 5 OPM Study Group, is presented along...