We devise a cross-layer design (CLD) of carrier sensing multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) at the medium access control (MAC) layer with spectrum sensing (SpSe) at the physical layer for cognitive radio networks (CRNs). The proposed CLD relies on a Markov chain model with a state pair containing both the SpSe and the CSMA/CA with exponential backoff from which we derive the tran...

Analyzing the process of land use and cover changes during long periods of time and predicting the future changes is highly important and useful for the land use managers. In this study, the land use maps in the Ardabil plain in north-west part of Iran for four periods (1989, 1998, 2009 and 2013) are extracted and analyzed through remote sensing technique, using the land-sat satellite images. T...

We used the Cellular Automata Markov (CA-Markov) integrated technique to study land use and cover (LULC) changes in Cholistan Thal deserts Punjab, Pakistan. plotted distribution of LULC throughout desert terrain for years 1990, 2006 2022. The Random Forest methodology was utilized classify data obtained from Landsat 5 (TM), 7 (ETM+) 8 (OLI/TIRS), as well ancillary data. maps generated using thi...

The temporal non-stationarity of land use and cover change (LUCC) processes is one the main sources uncertainty that may influence calibration validation spatial path-dependent LUCC models. In relation to that, this research aims investigate on urban growth modeling accuracy based an empirical approach uses past LUCC. Accordingly, development in Rennes Metropolitan (France) was simulated using ...