Thinking efficiency as a function of interactivity was examined in a mental arithmetic task. Participants carried out single-digit additions, involving either 7 or 11 numbers, as fast and as accurately as possible. They completed the sums in blocks, five from the ‘easy’ set first, and five from the ‘hard’ set second. These sets were interpolated among a series of other tasks that measured numer...

This paper challenges the historiographical discontinuity established between earlier "anthropometric testing" and the arrival of "psychological testing" with Binet and Simon's intelligence test in 1905. After some conceptual clarifications, it deals with "word association": a kind of psychological experimentation and testing which became popular over the last two decades of the 19th century. F...

Differences in mental imagery ability between individuals have been reported since Galton 1880. Despite much progress the field, particularly with advent of neuroimaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging, neural bases and why individual differences exist are not fully understood. Several subjective objective methods proposed utilized to investigate strength visual imagery, e...

l2 learners’ individual differences are crucial factors that deserve attention in l2 education. focusing on 2 main areas of individual differences (i.e., field (in)dependence and multiple intelligences), this study explored their relationships with l2 reading performance. participants were 64 tefl undergraduates and postgraduates. to assess the participats’ degree of field (in)dependence and mu...