This paper discusses the role of pro-state paramilitary groups in Turkey’s Kurdish conflict from 1990s to present. The paramilitaries civil wars has been heavily discussed general but remains understudied context war with PKK. Turkish state authorities established a number initial stage conflict. Their impact grew during line change state’s strategy low-intensity (LIC). article evolution PKK, f...

In the 1990s the book market and the production and reception of literature in Russia radically changed, conforming to Western patterns. This transformation is mostly – and even from the side of scholars – estimated as an emancipatory development. But unlike vanguard postmodern literature, which considers and ironically reverses clichés and stereotypes, mass fiction provides unambiguous element...