This paper examines the necessity of regulating the Iranian card payments system (SHAPARAK) based on the theory of two-sided markets. The expansion of the payment card system in recent years has arisen some questions regarding the role of all kinds of costs and expenses such as interchange fees, cardholder fees, merchant fees, and network externality in balancing the market. Since there is only...

The Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-analysis. 8/6 This short book, which was first published in 1937 is now reprinted. It is No. 2 of the Psycho-analytical Epitomes. It is not an abridgement of a larger published work but consists of two lectures with the original Preface by John Rickman. It is good that these concise, non-technical lectures are again pasily available. The authors speak w...

Introduction Informal patient payments for healthcare are common in the Western Balkans, negatively affecting public health and healthcare.   Aim To identify literature from the Western Balkans on what is known about informal patient payments and bought and brought goods, to examine their effects on healthcare and to determine what actions can be taken to tackle these payments.   Methods After ...

ideas, lacking precise definition, which can, for a while, appeal to everyone.” So too for restorative justice. A decade later Marshall (1997, p.2) said that many names were given to new justice ideas that had been proposed in the previous decade or so. Among them were communitarian, neighborhood, progressive, reparative, holistic, real, negotiated, balanced, 3 See Bottoms (2003) for a more det...

background informal payments for health care, which are common in many countries, can have negative effects on health care access, equity and health status as they lead people to forgo or delay seeking care, or to sell assets to pay for care. many countries are putting reforms in place with the aim of reducing informal payments. in order to be successful, such policies should be informed by the...

Original scientific paper The joints made by fusion of materials are exposed to the influence of residual stresses induced by welding thermal cycles. Residual stresses were measured on butt welded plates made of NIOMOL 490K, before and after reparation. The objective of this paper is to compare three methods of residual stress measurement (hole-drilling method, x-ray diffraction and directional...