splenogonadal fusion is a rare entity with approximately 150 reported cases until the year 2005. the entity is a rare congenital anomaly in which there is fusion of splenic and gonadal anlagen or mesonephric derivatives. splenogonadal fusion has two continuous and discontinuous types. about ten cases have been reported to be associated with bilateral cryptorchidism in literature. very few cases...

in this article, we prove the existence of extremal positive solution for the distributed order fractional hybrid differential equation$$int_{0}^{1}b(q)d^{q}[frac{x(t)}{f(t,x(t))}]dq=g(t,x(t)),$$using a fixed point theorem in the banach algebras. this proof is given in two cases of the continuous and discontinuous function $g$, under the generalized lipschitz and caratheodory conditions.

splenogonadal fusion is a rare congenital malformation whereby the splenic tissue is found attached or surrounded by the testis, and presents in both continuous and discontinuous forms. splenogonadal fusion may be misinterpreted as a primary malignant testicular or an adenomatoid tumor. knowledge about the existence of such an entity is essential in order to preserve the testis during surgical ...

We prove that any nonzero inertia, however small, is able to change the nature of the synchronization transition in Kuramoto-like models, either from continuous to discontinuous or from discontinuous to continuous. This result is obtained through an unstable manifold expansion in the spirit of Crawford, which features singularities in the vicinity of the bifurcation. Far from being unwanted art...

For input nonaffine nonlinear control systems, the minimum phase property of the system in general depends on the control law. Switching or discontinuous controllers may offer advantages in this context. In particular, there may not exist a continuous control law which would keep the output identically equal to zero and for which the zero output constrained dynamics are locally stable, whereas ...

In this paper, we use Petrov-Galerkin elements such as continuous and discontinuous Lagrange-type k-0 elements and Hermite-type 3-1 elements to find an approximate solution for linear Fredholm integro-differential equations on $[0,1]$. Also we show the efficiency of this method by some numerical examples