During the 1997 winter season, shipborne polarimetric backscatter measurements of Great Lakes (freshwater) ice types using the Jet Propulsion Laboratory C-band scatterometer, together with surface-based ice physical characterization measurements and environmental parameters, were acquired concurrently with Earth Resource Satellite 2 (ERS-2) and RADARSAT Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. This...

In this study, temporal and spatial variability of ice cover in the Great Lakes are investigated using historical satellite measurements from 1973 to 2010. The seasonal cycle of ice cover was constructed for all the lakes, including Lake St. Clair. A unique feature found in the seasonal cycle is that the standard deviations (i.e., variability) of ice cover are larger than the climatological mea...

determination of the thickness of a mountains glacier like alamkooh is very difficult due to its extremely cold climate conditions and high elevation, risk of falling large snow segments or balls and coarse topography of the glacier. in this research, due to the transparency of ice for electromagnetic (em) waves, and also, that ground penetrating radar (gpr) method is non-destructive, fast and ...

Subglacial lakes beneath ice streams of Antarctica and supraglacial lakes observed on the flanks of the Greenland ice sheet may seem to be unrelated. The former derive their water from energy dissipation associated with basal friction, the latter from atmospherically driven surface melting. However, using numerical models of ice and water flow, it is shown here that they share a common relation...

We provide an overview of the results devoted to analysis dynamics and economics shallow lakes, spanning period from 1999 until now. A lake serves as a typical representative ecological system subject (possibly irreversible) regime shifts. The are described by non-linear model with multiple steady states domains attraction is thus suitable evolution ecosystem featuring both resilience within do...

ERS-1 SAR imagery of lake ice growing on shallow lundra lakes in northern Alaska shows interesting radar backscatter variations. Based on the analysis of ice cores from these lakes, a multi-layer backscatter model comprised of the following elements has been developed: I) specular air-ice, ice-water and ice-frown soil boundaries; 2) an ice layer of variable thickness; 3) ice sub-layers with air...