The when for the emergence of hypocrites in Islam is an important topic for scholars. A correct view in the field can have a significant impact on the analysis of historical happenings and events of the Prophet's era. The present article seeks to investigate the presence or absence of hypocrites in the battle of Badr from the point of view of commentators, as may be understand by the verse 49 o...

Ignaz Goldziher, a famous western orientalist, believes that Muslims' approach to criticize narrations is mostly limited to the critique of the chain of transmission (isnad). In addition, he argues that judgment about the content of narrations depends on the validity of the chain of transmission. After Goldziher, some orientalists have mentioned similar results and confirmed his views. Criticiz...

In the history of Islamic though, faith and gnosis -Imān va Ma‘rifat- are two key and controversial theological concepts, having always been subject the argument. Some important theological problems such as excommunication and calling one profligate-Takfir va Tafsiq-, principle of rational goodness and badness –Hosn va Qobh-i Aqli– are obviously consequences of diversity in definition of thes...

this dissertation has six chapter and tree appendices. chapter 1 introduces the thesis proposal including description of problem, key questions, hypothesis, backgrounds and review of literature, research objectives, methodology and theoretical concepts (key terms) taken the literature and facilitate an understanding of national security, national interest and turkish- israeli relations concepts...

phatic communion is a cultural concept which differs across cultures. according to hofstede (2001), the u.s. tends to have individualistic culture; however, asian countries tend to have collectivistic cultures. these cultures view phatic communion differently. in individualistic cultures like u.s., phatic communion reflects speakers’ socio-cultural relationships in conversations. to see whether...

this study is an outlook of iranians religious practices and customs in eras such as nasser one. it attempts to answer the main question, "religious practices and ceremonies in the society during naseri ruling" and other subsidiary questions with scientific and historical theories. iran was a traditional and religious community . people abided by their religious practices and duties within reli...

abstract: one of the most visited & important spaces in different countries by tourist are urban areas. the old tehran which major part is located in district 12 is historical showcase of the capital, but, its hiidden cultural attraction is not used as it should be. this thesis occasionally engage in studying the efficacy of correct installation of travel guide boards in welfare & easily acc...