a wireless sensor network consists of many inexpensive sensor nodes that can be used toconfidently extract data from the environment .nodes are organized into clusters and in each cluster all non-cluster nodes transmit their data only to the cluster-head .the cluster-head transmits all received data to the base station .because of energy limitation in sensor nodes and energy reduction in each d...

The Value-at-Risk (VaR) approach has been extensively used for measuring and controlling of market risks in financial institutions during the last decade. The risk control and management systems required in the new banking industry are based on the Banks for International Settlements’ (BIS) suggestions. Financial asset returns are traditionally modeled as being distributed according to the norm...

Ad hoc networks are multi-hop wireless networks without a pre-installed infrastructure. Such networks are widely used in military applications and in emergency situations as they permit the establishment of a communication network at very short notice with a very low cost. Video is very sensitive for packet loss and wireless ad-hoc networks are error prone due to node mobility and weak links. H...

network sensors consist of sensor nodes in which every node covers a limited area. the most common use ofthese networks is in unreachable fields.sink is a node that collects data from other nodes.one of the main challenges in these networks is the limitation of nodes battery (power supply). therefore, the use oftopology control is required to decrease power consumption and increase network acce...

blast disease of rice caused by pyricularia oryzae is a potentially damaging disease in northern due to planting of susceptible local cultivars and favorable conditions. to assess the effects of blast on rice yield components and yield loss, one field experiment was conducted at the lowland culture conditions. analysis of blast effects on rice indicated that the maximum yield losses due to unpr...