Brockman and Turtle (2003) develop a barrier option framework to show that default barriers are significantly positive. Most implied barriers are typically larger than the book value of corporate liabilities. We show theoretically and empirically that this result is biased due to the approximation of the market value of corporate assets by the sum of the market value of equity and the book valu...

Structural changes in the economy have created an employment environment that dictates hiring selectivity within the information technology (IT) field. Higher employer expectations combined with a tighter career market have introduced challenging career barriers for IT undergraduate majors. Swanson and Woitke (1997) defined career barriers as “events or conditions, either within the person or i...

services companies attempt to promote their delivered services to customers and achieve a stable competitive advantage. for achieving this goal, marketing and hr scholars jointly propose application of internal marketing (im) principles and instruments. although im is a 30 years old concept in management, but it's measurement and application method have faced with different structural and ...

When contracts are incomplete, the property-rights theory of firms suggests that ownership of physical assets provides better outside options, which in turn strengthen the owner’s incentives to invest in the enterprise. This approach is less suitable for human capital firms such as management consulting that lack physical assets. This article develops an alternative theory for integration that ...

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