background: making use of the orthovoltage machines in radiotherapy, is one of the routine methods for the treatment of the superficial lesions. in this study, an important determinant of x-ray quality, the hvl (half value layer), has been evaluated. materials and methods: the hvls of a orthovoltage x-ray machine in 120 and 180 kvp are measured, using an empirical method, in which the hvls are ...

Two separate groups of reviewers were involved in the Consensus Development Conference on Diagnosis and Management of Dental Caries Throughout Life. The training of the independent reviewers and the methodology they used differed from that of the team at the Research Triangle Institute and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (RTI/UNC).

Background: Making use of the orthovoltage machines in Radiotherapy, is one of the routine methods for the treatment of the superficial lesions. In this study, an important determinant of X-ray quality, the HVL (Half Value Layer), has been evaluated. Materials and Methods: The HVLs of a orthovoltage X-ray machine in 120 and 180 kVp are measured, using an empirical method, in which the HVLs are ...

In many types of plant physiological research, accurate determinations of the physico-chemical properties of expressed plant saps are important. In undertaking such determinations, however, the technical methods of collecting and treating the samples and of expressing the saps have not always been judiciously chosen to meet the requirements of the investigation. Such methods have sometimes been...

The creation of maps is the art and science cartography, which has been a vital part human history for millennia. Maps have used to represent world around us since prehistoric cave drawings through contemporary satellite imaging, assisting in navigating, exploring, comprehending our surroundings. Cartography changed significantly over past few decades as result technological advancements availa...