PURPOSE Discovery and description of heritable optic nerve head (ONH) phenotypes have been haphazard. In this preliminary study, the authors test the hypothesis that inheritable phenotypes can be discovered and quantified computationally by estimating three-dimensional ONH shape parameters from stereo color photographs from the Twins Eye Study in Tasmania and determining how much of the variabi...

nvironmental degradation can inflict serious damage on poor people, because their livelihoods often depend on natural resource use, and their living conditions may offer little protection from pollution of the air, water and soil. At the same time, poverty-constrained options may induce the poor to deplete resources and degrade the environment at rates that are incompatible with long-term susta...

Organic agriculture addresses the public demand to diminish environmental pollution of agricultural production. Until now, however, only few studies tried to determine the integrated environmental impact of conventional versus organic production using life cycle assessment (LCA). The aim of this article was to review prospects and constraints of LCA as a tool to assess the integrated environmen...

Self-regulation by firms and industries in relation to the environmental impact they cause is by no means a substitute for more traditional regulation of environmental externalities. However, in some instances self-regulatory efforts are undertaken not just to present a responsible image to the world, but involve instead very specific actions that may serve to reduce externalities for a specifi...

...................................................................................... 5 I. Environmental values and valuation approaches........... 7 1. The economic concept of environmental value .................... 7 2. Willingness-to-pay and willingness-to-accept ...................... 8 3. Classifying environmental values ......................................... 9 4. Valuation approaches...

APEX ( A gricultural P olicy/ E nvironmental e X tender) is an oft-used agroecosystem model but has limited use in groundwater-driven watersheds due to a simplistic representation of groundwater processes. This paper presents the linkage and flow MODFLOW into single modeling code. The mapping recharge, head, groundwater-surface water interactions are handled internally via subroutines. APEX-MOD...