Building on Posner (Posner, Daniel N. 2005. Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press), this article describes a framework for organizing the information about a community’s social cleavage structure so as to identify the incentives that individuals face to adopt particular social identities. The framework is parsimonious but powerful: it generates predict...

Recent cross sectional growth studies have found that ethnolinguistic fractionalization is an important explanatory variable of long-run growth performance. In presenting variation over time in a number of social, political and economic dimensions, this paper adds longitudinal evidence on a range of variables that have been linked to long run economic development. Given South Africa’s history o...

China’s impressive growth has been accompanied by huge rural-urban divide and social sacrifice of many including rural-urban migrants. Reflecting on the documentary Last Train Home (2009) by Lixin Fan, this paper identifies and examines the life of rural-urban migrants in China in terms of poverty-reduction, child-care, education and equal opportunities for a better life. By comparing the seemi...

ring cleavage occurred when 1,2,4-triazino-1,2,4-triazines (3), (4) and (5) were treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid to yield n-substituted triazines (7) and (8). these confirm the given configuration assigned to the isomeric triazinotriazines. 6-methyl-2-phenyl-7h-oxazolo [3,2-b][1,2,4]-triazin-7-one (9) underwent ring cleavage on treatment with sodium alkoxide to afford 3-alkoxy-1,2,4...

Background: Parthenogenetic activation of mammalian oocytes using artificial stimuli is commonly used in various reproductive bio-techniques. Calcium ionophore is known to elevate intracellular calcium levels in the cytoplasm of oocytes through the influx of calcium from extracellular spaces. Ethanol promotes a single intracellular Ca2+ increase of greater and longer amplitude than the initial ...