Background In Islamic countries alcohol consumption is considered as against religious values. Therefore, estimation of frequency of alcohol consumptions using direct methods is prone to different biases. In this study, we indirectly estimated the frequency of alcohol use in Iran, in network of a representative sample using network scale up (NSU) method.   Methods In a national survey, about 40...

background: to seek pleasure is man’s innate nature. in his search for gratification, man has discovered a world of substances that intoxicated him. those who fell within its trap, their life changed, their families aggrieved and they shrank from company. the addiction remained alone in the end. to many death was a relief. methods: a community based cross-sectional study was conducted in the ca...

background in islamic countries alcohol consumption is considered as against religious values. therefore, estimation of frequency of alcohol consumptions using direct methods is prone to different biases. in this study, we indirectly estimated the frequency of alcohol use in iran, in network of a representative sample using network scale up (nsu) method.   methods in a national survey, about 40...

Growing number of evidence indicates that individuals' motivational structure - the patterning of an individual's way of relating to goals - plays an important role in increasing the risk of alcohol use. Adaptive motivational structure which includes pursuit of important, subjectively attainable, alcohol-unrelated goals is inversely related to substance use. The strength of this relationship in...

background: religious beliefs, access to alcohol and country rules clearly have impact on people's attitudes towards alcohol consumption. in this large study, sociological perspectives of people have been assessed about the effects of alcohol on some of common health problems. methods: in this survey, 143 real estate owners in city of mashhad were randomly selected and asked to give our questio...

Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are a health problem of high prevalence in most communities and such problems account for 5% of the total burden of disease worldwide. Clinical toxicologists are commonly required to treat patients having AUDs and associated drug/alcohol-related harm. There have been recent changes to some of the diagnostic criteria (notably in DSM V) relevant to AUDs, with older te...

background: world health organization report in 2014 indicates a considerable range of alcohol consumption across the world which had a growing trend during last 5 years. a study on 5,231 students in 57 universities has shown that alcohol consumption became more common than other drugs, and alcohol is in the first rank for repeated usage. in another study in 2010, the prevalence of alcohol use ...

Homelessness and drug use often overlap and the harms of substance use are exacerbated by homelessness. Responding to the twin problems of homelessness and substance use is an important aspect of strategies to end homelessness. The introduction and development of ten year plans to end homelessness in North America heralds a new era of systemic responses to homelessness. Central to many of these...

The new bis(phosphaalkenyl) germanium(II) compound (NHC)Ge(CCl=PMes*)(2) reacts with L(2)M(CO)(4) (M = Mo, W) to give bidentate complexes with an unexpected coordinating behaviour involving the Ge(II) centre and one phosphorus atom, and with AuI or Me(2)SAuCl to afford the monodentate complexes coordinated at the germanium(II) atom.