in this article using comparative multi-purpose algorithm of pso, optimum capacity of new resources and their spinning storage is defined. spinning reserve requirements and optimized to maximize profit per unit is determined according to uncertainty. in fact by increasing the level of cost reservation, power supply increases but penalty of blackout decreases. in this paper in has been tried to ...

objectives: the present study aimed to provide an estimation of the current financial burden of renal transplantation therapy for insurance organisations.methods: an excel-based model was developed to determine the treatment costs of current clinical practice in renal transplantation therapy (rtt). inputs were derived from ministry of health and insurance organizations` database, hospital and p...

earned value management (evm) is the process of integrating the time and cost management within the framework of project scope management. the earned value has provided methods for predicting the cost for projects. in large part, these methods have not been improved upon since their beginnings and remain unsubstantiated as to accuracy. in this direction, several mathematics formulas have been d...

This paper summarizes estimation knowledge through a review of surveys on software effort estimation. Main findings were that: (1) Most projects (60-80%) encounter effort and/or schedule overruns. The overruns, however, seem to be lower than the overruns reported by some consultancy companies. For example, Standish Group’s ‘Chaos Report’ describes an average cost overrun of 89%, which is much h...

the measurement of wheat crop yield in large areas is time consuming and requires high expenses. one way to save time and cost, using geostatistical methods for mapping crop yield. in this research principle component analysis were used for identifying variables that have correlation with each other, and kriging and cokriging were used to map crop yield prediction. fourty six samples were used ...