The Fault-Tolerance Latency (FTL) deened as the time required by all sequential steps taken to recover from an error is important to the design and evaluation of fault-tolerant computers used in safety-critical real-time control systems. To meet timing constraints or avoid dynamic failure, the latency of any fault-handling policy | that consists of several stages like error detection, fault loc...

Embedded real-time systems are being increasingly used in a major part of critical applications. In these systems, critical real-time constraints must be satisfied even in the presence of failures. In this paper, we present a new method-based on graph transformation that introduces fault-tolerance in building embedded real-time systems. The proposed method targets distributed architecture and c...

some applications are critical and must designed fault tolerant system. usually voting algorithm is one of the principle elements of a fault tolerant system. two kinds of voting algorithm are used in most applications, they are majority voting algorithm and weighted average algorithm these algorithms have some problems. majority confronts with the problem of threshold limits and voter of weight...

Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a standardised technique used by engineers to explore possible failure states of safety-critical systems. Since the FTA is generally practised informally and thus, it cannot be guaranteed that it is applied correctly, several formal approaches have been introduced in the past (e.g. [STR02]) for allowing engineers to verify that they built a fault tree considering th...

This paper presents voltage control scheme by using directly voltage-controlled distributedenergy resource units (VC-DERs) of an islanded microgrid to provide overcurrent,voltage sag and harmonics protection. The overcurrent protection scheme detects the fault, limits the output current magnitude of the DER unit, and restores the microgrid to its normal operatingconditions subsequent to fault c...

background: measurement of absolute or differential renal function using radiotracers plays an important role in the clinical management of various renal diseases. gamma camera quantitative methods in approximation of renal clearance may potentially be as accurate as plasma clearance methods. however some critical factors such as kidney depth and background counts are still troublesome in the u...