Background & Aims: The immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine with a narrow therapeutic range and variable pharmacokinetic characteristics among individuals is a substrate for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and P-glycoprotein, the product of the multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene. Some of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these genes are associated with deficient protein expression and red...

  Background & Aims: The immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine with a narrow therapeutic range and variable pharmacokinetic characteristics among individuals is a substrate for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and P-glycoprotein, the product of the multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene. Some of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these genes are associated with deficient protein expression and red...

Invasive candidiasis and aspergillosis are amongst major medical concerns with high mortality among immunocompromised patients. Management of these infections is dependent on early and efficient antifungal therapy, as well as drug resistance monitoring. Decreased sensitivity of these pathogens to antifungal drugs during recent decades calls for rapid detection/identification of drug resistance ...

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an endemic parasitic disease of major health impact in many parts of the world and is caused by several species of the protozoan parasite Leishmania. Antimonial compounds (i.e glucantime and pentostam) are the first-line treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis with emerging drug resistance as a problem. The control of Leishmania is further complicated by the emerge...

Abstract Background and Objective: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) can effectively prevent the progression of HIV-1 replication and increase life expectancy. There are numerous causes of treatment failure and the leading one is drug resistance. Thus, we aimed to determine the HIV RT gene drug resistance mutations in patients treated with antiretroviral medications. Material...