The decline in religious identification and corresponding increase in the unaffiliated has been one of the most important religious changes in the United Kingdom (UK). The emergence of the “religious nones” is the most obvious sign of continuing secularization and the declining social and cultural relevance of religion. Yet while the religiously-unaffiliated often form the plurality — if not so...

for marshall hodgson, the history of the islamic civilization is not an event, rather it is a chain of continuous events happening with a global harmony and historical continuity, enjoying a spirit among different cultures and nations and throughout historical periods. the continuity of historical events in the islamic world does not amount to the interconnection of all events in the islamic hi...

  Every society has oriented itself towards a governing method concerning the socio-cultural conditions and with the inclusion of different historical-ideological periods and has accepted it as its governmental plan. Iranian society is not an exception to this general rule. Throughout different historical stages, such as the government of Safavid, the Constitution Movement, and despotic g...

endowment and its related issues have an age-old history in the history of mashhad and have continued in various forms in different historical periods. the apex of endowment development in mashhad has been in the safavid period, which has been a unique trend in iran’s history. endowment in mashhad has continued in the pahlavi period and of course it has been the continuation of a historical tra...

during different historic periods, land of iran has been invaded by alien tribes and iranian written works such as religious, scientific and historic books have been subjected to detruction and demolition for several times. many historical evidences have referred to background of this issue and at the same time they testified that iranian cultural written hertage has been subjected to recovery ...