Despite its current popularity, “emergence” is a concept with a venerable history and an elusive, ambiguous standing in contemporary evolutionary theory. This chapter briefly recounts the history of the term and details some of its current usages. Not only are there radically varying interpretations about how to define emergence but “reductionist” and “holistic” theorists hold very different vi...

in order to study of effects of integrated biological and chemical  fertilizers on  fertilizer use efficiency, grain yield and related traits to  grain growth of barley (hordeum vulgaris l.), a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research farm of the faculty of agriculture sciences, university of mohaghegh ardabili in 2012. tre...

The genus AnthemisL. (Asteraceae) as medicinal plants are used both for pharmaceutical purposes and in folk medicine. In order to study of seed priming effects on seedling growth of two species of Anthemis spp., an factorial experiment based on randomized complete design with three replications was conducted under greenhouse conditions in Research Institute of Forests...

prediction of weed emergence timing would help minimize crop yield loss and reducing herbicide use by optimization of the timing of weed control. therefore, seedling emergence evaluation was conducted in different irrigation levels (40, 60, 80, 100 percent of crop water requirement and furrow irrigation) to develop a thermal time seedling emergence model for amaranthus retroflexus l. in sunflow...

at the crop level, the drought stress accounts for most variations in yield. a controlled glasshouse investigation at day/night temperatures of 22/15°c based at perth city, western australia was performed (in 2006) to assess the influence of different soil moisture contents (field capacity percentage basis) on emergence as well as early plant growth in twenty chickpea genotypes. the experiment ...

In our ongoing studies of emergent properties at different hierarchical levels in the grass tribe Stipeae, an additional species, Achnatherum occidentale, is included to broaden the comparison. The degree of emergence seen parallels that of previous studies, an increasing trend from populations to individuals and species to related groups of species. The degree of emergence in species pairs tha...

Hybridization between different species can result in the emergence of new lineages and adaptive phenotypes. Occasionally, hybridization in fungal organisms can drive the appearance of opportunistic lifestyles or shifts to new hosts, resulting in the emergence of novel pathogens. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have documented the existence of hybrids in diverse yeast clades, i...