The rapid increase of the proportion of older persons in society has made the problem of medical costs more important. Although medical cost-sharing for those aged 70 or more is decided by their medical costs and by the current proportion of such persons in the Society, it is not constant throughout the Society. The study evaluated the contribution ratio of medical cost-sharing for those aged 7...

This paper examines changes in drug utilization following Taiwan's newly implemented National Health Insurance (NHI) outpatient prescription drug cost-sharing program for persons over 65 years old. The study is a hospital outpatient prescription level analysis that adopts a pretest-posttest control group experiment design. Selected measures of outpatient prescription drug utilization are examin...

This policy brief discusses preventive care benefits and cost-sharing included in health insurance provisions of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) legislation and highlights some consequences to Americans and the country in terms of healthcare costs and value.

background measures taken over the past four years in greece to reduce pharmaceutical expenditure have led to significant price reductions for medicines, but have also changed patient cost-sharing rates for prescription drugs. this study attempts to capture the resulting increase in patients’ out-of-pocket (oop) expenses for prescription drugs during the 2011-2014 period.   methods the authors ...

Information goods such as books, journals, computer software, music and videos can be copied, shared, resold, or rented. When such opportunities for sharing are present, the content producer will generally sell a smaller amount at a higher price which may increase or decrease pro¢ts. I identify three circumstances where pro¢ts increase: (1) when the transactions cost of sharing is less than the...

INTRODUCTION The Affordable Care Act (ACA) and the 2006 Massachusetts (MA) health reform law, on which the ACA was based, aimed to improve the affordability of care largely by expanding publicly sponsored insurances. Both laws also aimed to promote consumer understanding of how to acquire, maintain and use these public plans. A prior study found an association between the level of cost-sharing ...

The members of a chain always try to find new ways in order to raise their profit. Hence we intend to study two different scenarios in a single item two-echelon green supply chain including two manufacturers and one retailer to study the effects of two effective contracts on members’ profit. Two scenarios are discussed and in first one, first manufacturer proposes quantity discount contract to ...

n engl j med 358;4 www.nejm.org january 24, 2008 411 In this issue of the Journal, Trivedi and colleagues1 examine the effect of cost sharing on the use of screening mammography among women enrolled in Medicare managed-care plans from 2001 to 2004. Focusing on more than 350,000 women between the ages of 65 and 69 years, the authors show that cost sharing — either in the form of copayments (in w...

The optimization and innovation of design play a crucial part in increasing the whole merit of the value chain of green building. As major proprietors passing on the value of green building, architecture developers should motivate design enterprises to enhance their level of working effort through contract planning. The Stakelberg game model is applied in this paper, and the approach to determi...