This paper formulates and analyzes a relatively simple model of duopoly pricing under conditions of fluctuating demand. Price-setting firms produce a homogenous product subject to increasing marginal cost of production. We focus on static Nash equilibria in price choices and examine the impact of varying the level of demand on equilibrium price levels, markups of price over marginal cost, and p...

In the execution cost problem, an investor wants to minimize the total expected cost and risk in the execution of a portfolio of risky assets to achieve desired positions. A major source of the execution cost comes from price impacts of both the investor’s own trades and other concurrent institutional trades. Indeed price impact of large trades have been considered as one of the main reasons fo...

this study examined the relationship between market monitoring cost consist the business disclosure index, the index of perception of corruption, rule of law and regulations quality, and also pointed out the technology index and exercise price limit rules that are in stock. in this research the relationship between the above indicators to price limit rules applied during the period 2005-2010 in...

nowadays generation capacity in traditional grid depends on fossil fuels and contributes significantly to the increase of pollution emission. in deregulated grids in addition to using demand response programs (drps) to reducing the cost of electricity production, peak clipping and improve reliability use of green plants such as hydro plant, wind plant become widespread. in a smart grid, end use...

introduction: cost is becoming a growing concern for the managers of health and treatment institutes both in private and public sectors. based on the opinions of pathology and radiology specialists and experts, one private and one public center for radiology and laboratory were selected to study in kerman city. method: this is a cross-sectional and applied study. the two centers were similar in...

which are more prevalent in low-income communities (5–7). The reasons underlying the suboptimal intake of fruits and vegetables in the United States are likely to be varied and complex and require much further investigation. I agree that food price influences food choice and that energy cost is inversely related to energy density. However, it does not necessarily follow that energy cost is the ...

Zimmerman (1995) notes that the two most frequently observed transfer pricing methods are market price transfer pricing and full cost transfer pricing. Under the …rst of these, the transfer price observed by the local manager is the marginal cost plus a markup over marginal cost which re‡ects the price elasticity of demand of the product in an external market. This markup will be denoted j and ...

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is an appropriate tool for estimating various types of efficiency including Cost Efficiency (CE). Identifying and identifying inefficiency resources plays an important role in analyzing unit performance in order to plan for improving the status of Decision Making Units (DMUs). Now , if information on the inputs and outputs and pricing information of the evaluated...