The stable phosphonate derivatives have easily synthesized by the reactions involving trialkyl(aryl) phosphites and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate in the presence of 4-nitrophenol and/or acid chlorides, dialkyl(aryl) phosphites and N-methylimidazole at 70 oC under solventfree conditions.

This paper introduces a promising user study approach, Three in One User Study (TO US). The approach is applicable for SME-scale design projects with limited resources and in quest for semi radical innovation. TO US is built on applying a set of studies in parallel, which speeds up and lightens the process. It also follows the logic of problem solving in design practice. In TO US face-to-face c...

When organisations commit themselves to work with urban poor communities, they are often faced with difficult choices. Should they confront and challenge the powers that determine and rule their lives or should they work around the problem and negotiate? What do they need themselves to be in a position of strength, should they choose the latter path? Can their interests be served if they choose...