background: there are millions of working children worldwide. several causes are suggested for this social evil of which poverty plays a significant role in whether a child will work. objective: to determine the morbidity profile in the working children of gem polishing units of jaipur, india and assess some of its associated socio-economic factors. methods: the present cross-sectional study in...

Background Recent British National Health Service (NHS) reforms, in response to austerity and alleged ‘health tourism,’ could impose additional barriers to healthcare access for non-European Economic Area (EEA) migrants. This study explores policy reform challenges and implications, using excerpts from the perspectives of non-EEA migrants and health advocates in London.   Methods A qualitative ...

ABO, H, secretor and Lewis histo-blood system genes control the expression of part of the carbohydrate repertoire present in areas of the body occupied by microorganisms. These carbohydrates, besides having great structural diversity, act as potential receptors for pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms influencing susceptibility and resistance to infection and illness. Despite the knowle...

While urban expansion increasingly encroaches on natural habitats, many wildlife species capitalize on anthropogenic food resources, which have the potential to both positively and negatively influence their responses to infection. Here we examine how food availability and key nutrients have been reported to shape innate and adaptive immunity in wildlife by drawing from field-based studies, as ...

Hantaviruses are primarily rodent-borne pathogens which have received considerable attention recently due to their high mortality rates in humans. In order to find the causes of rapid transmission and emergence of hantavirus-associated diseases anthropogenic changes are a priority. These include deforestation, urbanization, noise pollution, light pollution and electromagnetic fields, all of whi...

Many studies have examined the physical changes expected in the environment as a result of anthropogenic forcing. These physical changes will have an effect on ecosystems as well. In this study, a nitrogenphytoplankton-zooplankton (NPZ) model is used to examine the effects of environmental changes on primary productivity in the North Pacific ocean. The physical variables considered are mixed la...

Plant damage by invertebrate herbivores and pathogens influences the dynamics of grassland ecosystems, but anthropogenic changes in nitrogen phosphorus availability can modify these relationships. Using a globally distributed experiment, we describe leaf on 153 plant taxa from 27 grasslands worldwide, under ambient conditions with experimentally elevated phosphorus. Invertebrate significantly i...