This paper presents an integrated view of a wide range of planning systems derived from different theoretical foundations. The work is motivated by the need to provide a clear foundation from which a systematic study of search and representation issues in planning can be conducted. An evolutionary path is identified which shows how the classical (state-based) planning strategy can be incrementa...

today’s challenge is learning about how to live with the change instead of planning for it and the critical point that causes the organizational change programs to fail is the lack of integrated conceptual model. to face this issue, the article has a literature review to develop a holographic model. in this model. content analysis has been used in this article. theresult was a holographic model...