abstract i the purpose of this study was to launch a thorough investigation concerning the possibility of differing orientations to the writing proficiency construct by native and non-native english speaking teacher raters. it mainly revolved around the international english language testing system (ielts) that is widely administered and employed as a measure of general proficiency in englis...

the importance of writing as a complex skill in applied linguistics has drawn the attention of many researchers to evaluate textbooks in order to help learners gain self-sufficiency and autonomy in the field of language use and communication. investigations have shown that developments in textbooks evaluation can promote the quality of pedagogies and consequently the learning. this study attemp...

Background and Purpose: Defense mechanisms are solutions that people choose to reduce stress. It seems that religion can affect individuals’ functioning and reactions. Thus, we investigated the role of religious orientation in the use of defense mechanisms in medical students of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: In this analytic cross-sectional study, 213 stu...

Earlier studies have demonstrated that a considerable amount of people in various societies struggle with emotional problems such as immune system disorders, depression, anxiety, personality disorders and interpersonal issues. This article aims to clarify the importance of emotions in daily life and the field of psychotherapy. Given the importance of experience authenticity and expression in re...

today, the route for economic development in most countries is the same as international open competitive economy. economic institutes well known that supportive public economy belonged on the past and they may compete in the global economy. it is obvious that if they have no competitive potency or not familiar with competition technique, they may be devastated. banking system aims to collect t...

Introduction: Ego-strength and defense mechanisms are key concepts in the psychoanalytic approaches, which are important in the etiology of borderline personality disorder. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of mentalization based therapy (MBT) on ego-strength and defense mechanisms of people with borderline personality disorder. Materials an...