بررسی طیف گراف ها، ابزاری جهت بررسی گراف ها از دیدگاه جبری است. گراف های ds گراف هایی هستند که هیچ گراف غیر یکریخت دارای طیف ماتریس مجاورت یکسان با آنها نباشد. در این پایان نامه به بررسی خانواده گراف های و پرداخته و تحقیق می کنیم که آیا این گراف ها ds هستند یا خیر. در ضمن طیف ماتریس لاپلاسین گراف ها را تعریف و یکتایی گراف ها را تحت طیف ماتریس لاپلاسین بررسی می کنیم و نشان می دهیم که گراف و ...

insurers have in the past few decades faced longevity risks - the risk that annuitants survive more than expected - and therefore need a new approach to manage this new risk. in this dissertation we survey methods that hedge longevity risks. these methods use securitization to manage risk, so using modern financial and insurance pricing models, especially wang transform and actuarial concepts, ...

the extent to which written corrective feedback on linguistic errors can play a role in helping l2 writers improve the accuracy of their writing continues to be an issue of interest to researchers and teachers since truscott (1996) mounted a case for its abolition. while there is growing empirical evidence that written corrective feedback can successfully target some types of linguistic error (...

with the increasing population and the need for more food, as well as with the development of science and technology, human approach to unnatural and often chemical inputs to increase agricultural production has been a great expansion and problems such as increased cancers, chronic diseases has created environmental pollution. implementation of organic organic is a solution to these problems . ...

this study investigated the effects of planning on second-language written production with regard to task type. the participants were 75 iranian learners of english as a foreign language attending a private foreign language institution. they were asked to complete two different types of writing tasks (expository writing task and argumentative writing task) in different planned conditions (indiv...