this paper wants to investigate why fereydūn’s mace was bull-headed. since such weapon has a prominent role in our epics and it has been used by most of our heroes, it seems important to find its origin out.  to achieve this goal, there is a brief explanation about mace and all kinds of it in the texts of different periods in iranian and some other indo-european cultures. then some mythological...

In this paper, we shall argue that games, being textual systems, can be understood semiotically signs, or units, are being constantly renegotiated within the game due to their ergodicity. However, the mythologies outside of them remain, leading to a potential discrepancy between what is and what is understood. An understanding of player mythologies can, on one hand, help us formulate a better s...

archaeology is growing science that continues to discover the material remains of man; hence, it is the best evidence to understand human relations that too shows close co-operation between the neighboring countries, especially iran and india (present pakistan). right from bronze age when man started building a better social organization, archaeology presents positive evidences for economic an...