We introduce a quantale-valued generalization of approach spaces in terms of quantale-valued gauges. The resulting category is shown to be topological and to possess an initially dense object. Moreover we show that the category of quantale-valued approach spaces defined recently in terms of quantale-valued closures is a coreflective subcategory of our category and, for certain choices of the qu...

background and aims: to obtain maximum advantages from orthodontic fixed appliances and to achieve the desired final occlusion, correct bracket positioning is highly necessary. in order to measure and determine bracket’s height, diverse gauges have been used. the objective of the present study is to determine and compare bracket positioning accuracy by using height bracket positioning gauge (hb...

Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to record their pain sensation and to assess children`s reaction objectively and subjectively while receiving dental local anesthesia with 27- and 30-gauge needles. Methods: Forty children (24 boys and 16 girls) participated in this study. A random double-blinded crossover design was used so that each child served as his or her own control, rec...

purpose : the aim of this study was to compare the rate and location of intraoperatively induced retinal breaks between two techniques of standard 20-gauge vitrectomy and transconjunctival 23-gauge using trocar/cannula methods : in this prospective comparative case series patients having attached retina before surgery who were operated for different vitreoretinal or macular conditions by standa...

there exist simple theories to predict the strain of sandwich structures under a bending load and specific support conditions. although theoretical predictions are highly effective, but the role of testing in validation of these theories and their progress is undeniable. the main goal of the present paper is to prepare a test instruction in order to minimize the error of data acquisition and th...

introduction: the purpose of the present study was to record their pain sensation and to assess children`s reaction objectively and subjectively while receiving dental local anesthesia with 27- and 30-gauge needles. methods: forty children (24 boys and 16 girls) participated in this study. a random double-blinded crossover design was used so that each child served as his or her own control, rec...

In this paper, we characterize local $T_{0}$ and $T_{1}$ quantale-valued gauge spaces, show how these concepts are related to each other and apply them to $mathcal{L}$-approach distance spaces and $mathcal{L}$-approach system spaces. Furthermore, we give the characterization of a closed point and $D$-connectedness in quantale-valued gauge spaces. Finally, we compare all these concepts to each o...

The BFT approach is used to formulate the electronic states in graphene through a non-commutative space in the presence of a constant magnetic field B for the first time. In this regard, we introduce a second class of constrained system, which is not gauge symmetric but by applying BFT method and extending phase space, the second class constraints  converts  to the first class constraints so th...