one of the most common positioning errors in panoramic radiography is palatoglossal air space above the apices of the root of maxillary teeth. it causes a radiolucency obscuring the apices of maxillary teeth. in the case of this positioning error, the imaging should be repeated. this causes the patient be exposed to radiation again. to avoid the repetition of exposing harmful x-rays to the pati...

background: jaw bone quality plays an essential role in treatment planning and prognosis of dental implants. regarding several available methods for bone density measurements, they are not routinely used before implant surgery due to hard accessibility. objective: an in vitro investigation of correlation between average gray scale in direct digital radiographs and hounsfield units in ct-scan pr...