local planning is a basic principle as well as a major part of comprehensive rural development in which main emphasis is placed on local initiatives to make human interactions more active and dynamic. in local planning, all parties including local people, governmental bodies and ngos interact to fulfill the basic goals of community development. one may find good examples of local planning exper...

this paper takes a close look at the process of evolution of france’s spatial planning system. the rich background and solid approach of spatial planning in france, introduces this country as one of the pioneers of planning in various levels from local to urban and regional scales. the vision of this country during last decades especially in the field of spatial-physical development planning an...

Local planning discourse is torn between three trends: the withdrawal of central governments from local issues, rise expertise and powers, mobility policies one country...

In this paper, we address the problem of scheduling plans with probability and temporal constraints. We illustrate our problem with an AND/OR graph, where we try to find a plan of tasks that satisfies all temporal constraints and precedence relations between tasks, has a high probability of execution, a minimal cost and a reduced time. Each task has a set of temporal constraints, a set of proba...

This paper, by the United Nations Fund for Women (UNIFEM), suggests that the new aid effectiveness agenda, set out in the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, can be harnessed to speed up implementation of gender equality commitments. While gender equality is central to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the importance of gender equality to development effectiveness is not ac...

Grid-based methods for finding cost optimal paths are popular because of their flexibility and simple implementation. However, their computational complexity becomes unfeasible for real-time path planning if the resolution of the grid is high. These methods assume complete knowledge about the world, but in dynamic environments where sensing is done on board the robot, less is known about far-aw...