Background United Nations’ (UN) data indicate that conflict-affected low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) contribute considerably to global maternal deaths. Maternal care usage patterns during conflict have not been rigorously quantitatively examined for policy insights. This study analysed associations between acute conflict and maternal services usage and quality in Egypt using reli...

Modelling and simulating work processes is often done at such an abstract level that individual work practice – collaboration, communication, ‘off-task’ behaviours, multi-tasking, interrupted and resumed activities, informal interactions, use of tools and movements – is left out, making the description of how the work in an organisation actually gets done impossible. This paper describes the Br...

Resolution modelling has been used for the display of the real time information of a system hierarchy such as defence system, business management system and others. Many resolution models has been proposed such as variable resolution modelling, cross resolution modelling and multi resolution modelling in terms to enhance the quality of the real time information display. These resolution models ...

The application of multi-level modelling inevitably leads to the necessity to constantly evolve a model from one iteration to the next. During each of the iterations, potentially all levels are subject to change and even more levels are affected by those changes. A set of well-defined change operations is required to develop a modelling tool that supports the modeller at refining his models. In...

In this issue, Robinson’s highly influential paper is reprinted, along with a paper advocating the use of multi-level thinking by Subramanian et al., and commentaries by Oakes and Firebaugh. On re-reading Robinson’s paper, I was again struck by the clarity of the basic take-home message: ecological data can estimate individual associations in only very rare situations. Robinson illustrated the ...

To cope with the complexity of today’s digital systems in diagnostic modelling, hierarchical approaches should be used. In this paper, the possibilities of using Decision Diagrams (DD) for diagnostic modelling of digital systems are discussed. DDs can be used for modelling systems at different levels of representation like logic level, register transfer level, instruction set level. The nodes i...