Theoretical ideas have played a profound role in the development of idiotypic network theory. Mathematical models can help in the precise translation of speculative ideas into quantitative predictions. They can also help establish general principles and frameworks for thinking. Using the idea of shape space, criteria were introduced for evaluating the completeness and overlap in the antibody re...

According to Network Effect literature network externalities lead to market failure due to Pareto-inferior coordination results. We show that the assumptions and simplifications implicitly used for modeling standardization processes fail to explain the real-world variety of diffusion courses in today's dynamic IT markets and derive requirements for a more general model of network effects. We ar...

Actor network theory (ANT), also known as enrolment theory or the sociology of translation, emerged during the mid-1980s, primarily with the work of Bruno Latour, Michel Callon, and John Law. ANT is a conceptual frame for exploring collective sociotechnical processes, whose spokespersons have paid particular attention to science and technologic activity. Stemming from a Science and Technologies...

HLP (hub location problem) tries to find locations of hub facilities and assignment of nodes to extended facilities. Hubs are facilities to collect, arrange, and distribute commodities in telecommunication networks, cargo delivery systems, etc. Hubs are very crucial and their inaccessibility impresses on network whole levels. In this paper, first, total reliability of the network is defined bas...

in the linear system ax = b the points x are sometimes constrained to lie in a given subspace s of column space of a. drazin inverse for any singular or nonsingular matrix, exist and is unique. in this paper, the singular consistent or inconsistent constrained linear systems are introduced and the effect of drazin inverse in solving such systems is investigated. constrained linear system arise ...