OBJECTIVES Electronic detailing (e-detailing), the use of electronic devices to facilitate sales presentations to physicians, has been adopted and expanded in the pharmaceutical industry. To maximize the potential outcome of e-detailing, it is important to understand medical representatives (MRs)' behavior and attitude to e-detailing. This study investigates how information technology devices s...

On 1 January 2005, a controversial trade agreement entered into force between Australia and the United States. Though heralded by the parties as facilitating the removal of barriers to free trade (in ways not achievable in multilateral fora), it also contained many trade-restricting intellectual property provisions and others uniquely related to altering pharmaceutical regulation and public hea...

Municipal solid waste management is a major challenge, especially in metropolises. This research focuses on a non-technical issue in municipal solid waste management named municipal solid waste separation at the source and seeks to find the best policy in terms of model results. Source separation for recycling has been recognized as a way to achieve sustainable municipal solid waste (MSW) manag...

BACKGROUND Regulation of the pharmaceutical sector is a challenging task for most governments in the developing countries. In Tanzania, this task falls under the Food and Drugs Authority and the Pharmacy Council. In 2010, the Pharmacy Council spearheaded policy reforms in the pharmaceutical sector aimed at taking over the control of the regulation of the business of pharmacy from the Tanzania F...

We show that a reinforcement learning method, adaptive critic based approximate dynamic programming, can be used to create fuzzy policy managers for adaptive control of a logistic system. Two different architectures are used for the policy manager, a feed forward neural network, and a fuzzy rule base. For both architectures, policy managers are trained that outperform LP and GA derived fixed po...

fuzzy groups and fuzzy theory have a lot of applications in several sciences such as mathematics, computer science, computer and electrical engineering. hence, counting the number of fuzzy subgroups of finite groups to classify them is an important issue in fuzzy theory. the main goal of this paper is to give an explicit formula for the number of fuzzy subgroups of a finite cyclic group g z p1 ...

Abstract— In this paper, a new extended method of multi criteria decision making based on fuzzy-Topsis theory is introduced. fuzzy mcdm algorithm for determining the best choice among all possible choices when the data are fuzzy is also presented. Using a new index leads to procedure for choosing fuzzy ideal and negative ideal solutions directly from the fuzzy data observed alternatives.in this...

In 2009, Jayadev and Stiglitz [1] proposed ‘two ideas’ to increase innovation and reduce pharmaceutical costs and prices. These were the use of value-based pricing and promoting public funding of clinical trials. Since then, NICE has tried and not yet succeeded to introduce value-based pricing, Persson and Jonsson [2] suggest that international reference pricing should cease, Gilead has made bi...