This study considers pricing, production and transportation decisions in a Stackelberg game between three-stage, multi-product, multi-source and single-period supply chains called leader and follower. These chains consist of; manufacturers, distribution centers (DCs) and retailers. Competition type is horizontal and SC vs. SC. The retailers in two chains try to maximize their profit through pri...

Several congestion pricing proposals have been made in the last decade. Usually, however, those proposals studied optimal strategies and did not focus on implementation issues. Our main contribution in this paper is to address implementation issues for congestion-sensitive pricing over a single domain of the differentiated-services (diff-serv) architecture of the Internet. We propose a new cong...

capital asset pricing, as one of the basic theories in finance and investment area, develop a model for estimation of expected rate of return and equity cost of capital. this model has many applications in the field of finance. one of anomalies in the capital asset pricing model is the value premium that its proponents believe this risk premium is compensation for a risk not mentioned in origin...

In the Internet, the current flat-fee pricing scheme is not suitable to prevent congestion situations. Therefore, pricing is likely to be changed in the future, such that users are charged according to the resources they consume – a usage-based pricing scheme. Because of the heterogeneous network infrastructure, a uniform pricing mechanism must provide for localized pricing policies. It is nece...

Demand-based pricing is underused in many service industries, because customers are believed to perceive such pricing as unfair. Fencing can be highly effective in improving the perceived fairness of demand-based pricing. In this study, five fences were explored in a restaurant context across three countries (Singapore, Sweden, and the United States). Demand-based pricing in the form of coupons...