since welfare, as a philosophical issue, has considered as an indication of man’s highest intellectual status and dignity, it always attracted the philosopher’s attention and they continuously asked weather: -did all philosophers agree about the same meaning of welfare? -did they agree about its determination and dimensions? -can welfare from the philosophical meaning contain religious or ethic...

China’s social welfare reform since the mid-1980s has been characterized as incremental and fragmented in three dimensions—social insurance, privatization, and targeting. This paper attempts to explore the micro-foundation of China’s urban social welfare reform by examining the diverse social welfare preferences and the cleavages among societal groups. It argues that the diversity of the societ...

in 1930s, the idea of providing general welfare and welfare state appeared in industrial countries due to the belief in the ability of left forces in solving misfortunes that people entangled in; because of financial crisis in industrialized societies, expanded poverty, starvation and epidemic diseases which led millions of people to the hopelessness. welfare states achieved outstanding success...